Seeking medical attention is especially important for children as a single initial allergy can deteriorate into multiple allergies, and because allergic rhinitis can lead to asthma. An early diagnosis is therefore important  so preventative treatment can begin and the impact of the allergy minimised.

The diagnosis is typically made based on symptoms, a physical examination and a series of questions. In some cases, an allergy specialist can identify what is causing the allergy just from your medical history and symptoms, and supported by a confirmatory test.

Testing by skin prick test or blood test
A skin prick test ‘provokes’ an allergic reaction by introducing a tiny amount of allergen – the substance which doctors think you may be allergic to – into the skin using a lancet. If you are allergic, the skin will react and something similar to a mosquito bite will appear where the allergen was applied.

A blood test can be used on its own, or to support the results of the skin prick test. The blood is tested for immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which are substances produced by the body when there is an allergic reaction.   If high levels of IgE antibodies are found in the blood and related symptoms are also present, then this will help to confirm the diagnosis.

Just like allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma is a condition that can be triggered by exposure to particular allergens, such as grass pollen, tree pollen, or house dust mites.

Whereas allergic rhinitis causes inflammation and irritation in the eyes, nose and the upper airway, allergic asthma primarily affects the lower airways. Symptoms of allergic asthma include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and persistent coughing.

Asthma development more likely among allergy sufferers
Studies show that allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma are closely linked, with nearly half of respiratory allergy sufferers experiencing both.

Indeed, many people with allergic rhinitis go on to develop allergic asthma.

Treating allergy and asthma together
As a result, evidence increasingly suggests that, rather than being two separate conditions, allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma are caused by the same allergy and that treating – the allergy – can be beneficial for both conditions.

Common triggers of respiratory allergic disease include pollens, house dust mites, moulds and animal dander. Exposure can lead to a range of symptoms, including allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the upper airways), conjunctivitis (itchy, watery eyes), and allergic asthma (inflammation of the lower airways). 

These symptoms can worsen over time if not treated appropriately, and allergic rhinitis is considered to be one of the major risk factors in the development of asthma.

Nearly half of all allergy sufferers are children
The prevalence of respiratory allergic disease has increased over recent decades  and is rising in both developed and developing countries.  Globally, an estimated 400-500 million people are affected by allergic rhinitis and 40% of these are children.

It is estimated that 10-20% of allergic rhinitis sufferers have symptoms which are not well controlled despite the use of symptom-relieving medication and that less than one in ten of these receives allergy immunotherapy treatment.

Millions of work days lost
For many people, respiratory allergic disease has a significant impact on their quality of life, causing sleepless nights, shortness of breath and resulting in millions of lost school and work days.

However, there are several treatment options, including symptom suppressing medicines and allergy immunotherapy. Immunotherapy treats the underlying cause of allergy and allergic asthma and can offer long-lasting improvement by reprogramming the immune system to better cope with exposure to specific allergens.